To run a development version of Bitcoin Core from a Vagrant machine with Ubuntu:

Preparing the environment

1. Follow the instructions on How to compile Bitcoin Core for Ubuntu

Running the software

2. Install Bitcoin Core

Inside the guest machine:

sudo su

cd /projects/bitcoin

make install

exit

3. Run it!

bitcoind -daemon

bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo

bitcoin-cli stop

Detailed running instructions at Bitcoin It - Running Bitcoin